Hemophilia

What Is Hemophilia?

Hemophilia is a disease that prevents blood from
clotting properly, so a person who has it bleeds more than someone
without hemophilia does. It's a genetic disorder, which means it's the
result of a change in genes that was either inherited (passed on from
parent to child) or occurred during development in the womb.
A person who has hemophilia has a tendency to bleed excessively.
Hemophilia affects mostly boys, although it's very rare: Only about 1 in
every 5,000-10,000 boys is born with it. The disease can affect people
of any race or nationality.
When most people get a cut, the body naturally protects itself.
Sticky cells in the blood called platelets go to where the bleeding is
and plug up the hole. This is the first step in the clotting process.
When the platelets plug the hole, they release chemicals that attract
more sticky platelets and also activate various proteins in the blood
known as clotting factors. These proteins mix with the platelets to form fibers, and these fibers make the clot stronger and stop the bleeding.
Our bodies have 12 clotting factors that work together in this
process (numbered using Roman numerals from I through XII). Having too
little of factors VIII (8) or IX (9) is what causes hemophilia. A person
with hemophilia will only lack one factor, either factor VIII or factor
IX, but not both.
There are two major kinds of hemophilia. About 80% of cases are
hemophilia A, which is a factor VIII deficiency. Hemophilia B is when
factor IX is lacking.

Hemophilia is classified as mild, moderate, or severe, based on the
amount of the clotting factor in the person's blood. If someone produces
only 1% or less of the affected factor, the case is called severe.
Someone that produces 2% to 5% has a moderate case, and someone that
produces 6% to 50% of the affected factor level is considered to have a
mild case of hemophilia.
In general, a person with milder hemophilia may only bleed
excessively once in a while, whereas severe hemophilia puts someone at
risk for having bleeding problems much more often.

Most people with hemophilia discover they have the condition when
they are babies or young kids. Sometimes the disease is so mild that a
guy doesn't even know he has it until he has minor surgery — like getting his tonsils or appendix out — and it's found in blood tests that doctors perform before surgery.
What Causes Hemophilia?

Men and women each have 23 pairs of chromosomes. Women have two X
chromosomes; men have one X and one Y chromosome. Hemophilia is an
X-linked genetic disorder, which means that it's passed from mother to
son on the X chromosome. If the mother carries the gene for hemophilia
on one of her X chromosomes, each of her sons will have a 50% chance of
having hemophilia.
Although girls rarely develop the symptoms of hemophilia itself, they
can be carriers of the disease. In some cases, girls who are carriers
can have mild bleeding symptoms. For a girl to get hemophilia, she would
have to receive affected X chromosomes from both of her parents.
Although this is not impossible, it is highly unlikely.

What Are the Signs and Symptoms?
If you've just found out you have hemophilia, you probably have a milder form of the disease.
Symptoms of hemophilia include:

• bruises that are unusual in location or number
  
• nosebleeds that won't stop
  
• excessive bleeding from biting a lip, having a tooth pulled, or losing a tooth
  
• painful or swollen joints
  
• blood in the urine
  

What Do Doctors Do?
Doctors diagnose hemophilia by performing blood tests. Although the
disease can't be cured (except by a liver transplant — which sometimes
can cause health problems worse than hemophilia itself), it can be
managed.



A cut or minor wound is usually no big deal for a person with
hemophilia, just as it isn't for someone without the disease. However,
internal bleeding can be serious. When bleeding occurs in the joints,
muscles, or internal body organs, treatment is necessary.

 

Patients with more serious cases of hemophilia often get regular shots of the factor that they're missing — known as clotting factor replacement therapy
— to prevent bleeding episodes. The clotting factors are transfused
through an IV into a vein, and can be given in the hospital, at the
doctor's office, or at home.

People with moderate or mild cases of hemophilia usually don't need
these shots unless they have a serious injury or require surgery.
If you have hemophilia, you are probably used to working with a
medical team of hematologists (doctors who specialize in blood
disorders), nurses, and social workers. Your medical team can help you
learn to recognize how it feels when you bleed internally (the place
where the bleeding is happening will probably feel warm and tingly or
bubbly). This is important to know because when you begin to bleed
internally you need to infuse (replace) the missing
clotting factor right away to make the bleeding stop. Putting off doing
so can cause damage to the joints.
If you will be injecting the clotting factors at home, your treatment
team will probably teach you and your parents how to mix the clotting
factor and inject it into a vein.
If you have bleeds fairly often, though, your doctor might consider
having you infuse clotting factor regularly to prevent bleeds from
happening in the first place. If that's the case, you might get a small
tube called a portacath, or port, implanted in your chest. That way, you
never have to worry about finding a vein and there's no pain when the
infusion is done.
Scientists are working on something called gene therapy
for people with hemophilia. Gene therapy is an experimental technique
that tries to provide the body with the genetic information it doesn't
have. Hemophilia is considered a good test for gene therapy because it
is caused by only one defective gene. Scientists hope that they will be
able to provide people with hemophilia with the genetic information they
need to produce their own missing clotting factors.
Living With Hemophilia
If you have hemophilia, your day-to-day life is probably pretty
normal. Exercise is important for teens with hemophilia because it makes
muscles stronger, which protects the joints and decreases bleeds.
Swimming and cycling are great because they don't put pressure on the
joints.
In fact, you can participate in many sports,
although team sports, such as soccer, basketball, or baseball, present a
higher risk and all contact sports (like football, boxing, lacrosse,
and hockey) are off-limits because there's a high risk of injury.

 

It's also important to maintain a healthy weight
because extra pounds can strain the body. And don't take any product
that contains aspirin, ibuprofen, or naproxen sodium. All of these can
keep blood from clotting.
If you have hemophilia and want to hang out with other people who
have the disease, think about going to a camp for teens with hemophilia.
You do all the fun stuff they have at any camp, but you also learn how
to take the very best control of your condition.
At times you might feel really overwhelmed. Try to remember that
you're not alone. Talk to your mom or dad, your doctor, a nurse, or
anyone on your treatment team. They can help you deal with the emotional
aspects of having hemophilia.
Having hemophilia doesn't mean you can't work out, go on dates, or do
most of the things that guys like to do. You just have to be smart
about your condition. Learn everything you can so you can take care of
yourself and make choices that are right for you.

Reviewed by: Suzanne Nielsen, MD, and Steven Dowshen, MD
Date reviewed: January 2011
Originally reviewed by: Gregory C. Griffin, MD


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