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 Abdominal Angina

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john

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PostSubject: Abdominal Angina   Abdominal Angina Icon_minitimeMon Mar 28, 2011 8:51 am

Abdominal Angina

we will speak briefly about

Abdominal Angina
Introduction

Background

Abdominal angina is defined as the postprandial pain that occurs in
individuals with sufficient mesenteric vascular occlusive disease such
that blood flow cannot increase enough to meet visceral demands. The
mechanism is believed to be similar to the angina pectoris that occurs
in individuals with coronary artery disease or the intermittent
claudication that accompanies peripheral vascular disease, as depicted
in the image below.
Abdominal Angina 188616-1366310-188618-188693tnThe
superior mesenteric artery and inferior mesenteric artery share
collateral circulation near the splenic flexure of the colon. When
dilated, this vessel is termed the meandering mesenteric artery. As
seen on an angiogram, this is a sign of chronic mesenteric ischemia.


Abdominal Angina 188616-1366310-188618-188693The
superior mesenteric artery and inferior mesenteric artery share
collateral circulation near the splenic flexure of the colon. When
dilated, this vessel is termed the meandering mesenteric artery. As
seen on an angiogram, this is a sign of chronic mesenteric ischemia.


Abdominal Angina 188616-1366310-188618-188694tn


The pancreaticoduodenal arcades are collateral pathways between the celiac artery and the superior mesenteric artery.


Abdominal Angina 188616-1366310-188618-188694The pancreaticoduodenal arcades are collateral pathways between the celiac artery and the superior mesenteric artery.

Although Schnitzler first described the clinical picture of
postprandial clinical pain in 1901, description of the syndrome of
postprandial abdominal angina generally is attributed to Baccelli or
Goodman (1918). In 1936, Dunphy recognized that this syndrome was a
precursor of fatal intestinal necrosis; however, not until 1957 did
Mikkelsen propose surgical treatment of occlusive mesenteric vascular
disease. Shaw and Maynard reported the first transarterial
thromboendarterectomy of the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) in 1958,
followed in rapid succession by Mikkelsen and Zarro in 1959. Numerous
technical refinements followed.

Pathophysiology
Intestinal ischemia results from the mismatch of oxygen supply to and
oxygen consumption by the gastrointestinal tract owing to reduced blood
flow. The decreased blood flow results from narrowing of the
mesenteric vessels, which can be can be secondary to a thrombus or
embolus. The most common cause of abdominal angina is atherosclerotic
vascular disease. The occlusive process commonly involves the ostia and
a few proximal centimeters of the mesenteric vessels. Aortoiliac
occlusive disease frequently coexists and may be the cause of the
ostial lesions.
The 3 arteries supplying the gut are the celiac, superior mesenteric,
and inferior mesenteric, as shown below. Unless significant stenoses or
actual occlusion of 2 of the 3 vessels is present, efficient
collateral circulation between the celiac and superior mesenteric
arteries (ie, the pancreaticoduodenal arcades) and the superior and
inferior mesenteric arteries (ie, the meandering mesenteric artery)
ensures that blood flow to the gut generally is adequate. The internal
iliac arteries also may be an important source of collateral hindgut
and midgut perfusion in the presence of inferior mesenteric arterial
occlusion.
url=https://life4u.ahlamontada.com/t21-abdominal-angina]
Abdominal Angina 188616-1366310-188618-188693tn

The
superior mesenteric artery and inferior mesenteric artery share
collateral circulation near the splenic flexure of the colon. When
dilated, this vessel is termed the meandering mesenteric artery. As
seen on an angiogram, this is a sign of chronic mesenteric ischemia.

Abdominal Angina 188616-1366310-188618-188693The
superior mesenteric artery and inferior mesenteric artery share
collateral circulation near the splenic flexure of the colon. When
dilated, this vessel is termed the meandering mesenteric artery. As
seen on an angiogram, this is a sign of chronic mesenteric ischemia.


Abdominal Angina 188616-1366310-188618-188694tn

The pancreaticoduodenal arcades are collateral pathways between the celiac artery and the superior mesenteric artery.


Abdominal Angina 188616-1366310-188618-188694The pancreaticoduodenal arcades are collateral pathways between the celiac artery and the superior mesenteric artery.

SMA occlusion almost invariably is observed in patients with symptomatic
occlusive mesentric ischaemia. Theories suggest that, because the SMA
provides vascularity to the foregut, midgut, and hindgut, collaterals
cannot sufficiently compensate for occlusion of this central artery.
Within 15 minutes of eating, duplex Doppler studies can show increased
blood flow in the celiac and superior mesenteric vessels in healthy
volunteers. Patients with abdominal angina are unable to sufficiently
increase flow in the mesenteric vessels, and ischemic pain results.
Affected individuals learn to associate food with pain, and thus, they
develop a fear of eating. Weight loss may be significant.
Median arcuate ligament syndrome is thought to be a syndrome of
abdominal pain caused by compression of the celiac trunk by the median
arcuate ligament and, perhaps, by dense encasement by periarterial
neural tissue. Described in 1965 by Dunbar and colleagues, compression
of the celiac artery is thought to cause intimal fibrosis that leads to
luminal stenosis and impaired splanchnic blood flow. This would result
in symptoms similar to those of atherosclerotic mesentric ischaemia,
which nearly always is caused by at least 2 major visceral artery
occlusive lesions. In patients with median arcuate ligament syndrome,
symptoms may be a result of compression of a single visceral artery in
the absence of adequate collaterals; mesenteric steal or neurogenic
mechanisms also have been proposed as causes. Symptoms have been
reported to be provoked by exercise in isolated cases.
Definitive corroboration of any of these explanations is lacking, hence
the controversial nature of the condition. Further discussion of this
topic exceeds the scope of this article, but interested readers may
refer to related references in the bibliography.
Frequency


International
The syndrome is extremely rare, and the true incidence is unknown.
Mortality/Morbidity

Despite advances in surgery, the mortality rate associated with acute mesentric ischemia ranges from 60-95%. 1
Race
No data are available regarding the relative incidence among different races.
Sex
In contrast to the usual male predilection of atherosclerotic vascular
disease, in most series, females outnumber males by approximately 3 to
1.
Age
The mean age of affected individuals is slightly older than 60 years.
Median arcuate ligament syndrome (see Pathophysiology above) has been
reported in young individuals.
Clinical

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Epilepsy: A Comprehensive Textbook (3-volume set)
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Haimovici's Vascular Surgery, 5th Edition
Vascular Complications in Human Disease: Mechanisms and Consequences
Intracranial Pressure and Brain Monitoring XIII: Mechanisms and Treatment 2010

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PostSubject: Re: Abdominal Angina   Abdominal Angina Icon_minitimeMon Mar 28, 2011 8:52 am

History

  • The classic description of intestinal angina is abdominal pain that is out of proportion with physical examination.
  • The hallmark of this condition is disabling midepigastric or central abdominal pain that develops 10-15 minutes after eating.

    • The pain gradually increases in intensity, reaches a plateau, and then slowly decreases in intensity several hours after eating.
    • Initially, this pain pattern develops only after large meals, but
      as the disease progresses, even small meals may be poorly tolerated.
    </li>
  • Some patients have associated motility disturbances such as diarrhea or constipation, bloating, or vomiting.
  • The pain is poorly localized and described as cramplike or a dull
    ache. Occasionally, a patient may have constant or intermittent pain
    that occurs without a clear temporal relationship to eating.
  • Soon, patients associate eating with pain and develop a
    characteristic fear of food (ie, sitophobia) or food-avoidance
    behavior. In several clinical series, reported weight loss averages
    15-25 lb.
  • The constellation of abdominal pain, weight loss, and an average
    age of 60 years commonly leads to a presumed diagnosis of malignancy
    and a protracted workup. Because none of the usual contrast studies or
    endoscopies performed in the course of a workup for malignancy are
    diagnostic, considerable delay in diagnosis typically results. In
    several series, the reported delay averages 16-18 months.
  • If patients have multiple risk factors for atherosclerotic
    occlusive disease, a heightened clinical suspicion for this diagnosis
    shortens the typical delay in diagnosis.
  • A history of peripheral vascular disease is common. As with other
    vasculopathies, individuals who smoke predominate in all series.
  • Although diabetes occurs in all series, it is uncommon in patients
    with this syndrome (in contrast to most other vascular problems).
  • Occasionally, a patient presents with a duodenal or gastric ulcer (which may be Helicobacter pylori negative) or with ischemic colitis.
  • Ischemic pancreatitis also may occur and is associated with
    epigastric pain. Laboratory studies reveal mildly elevated amylase and
    lipase. Steatorrhea may be observed.
Physical

  • Physical examination reveals stigmata of weight loss. The
    abdomen typically is scaphoid and soft, even during an episode of pain.
  • In one series, approximately 10% of patients had positive test results for guaiac.
  • Abdominal bruit is present in 60-90% of patients, but this is
    common in many elderly persons who are not affected by this syndrome.
  • Signs of peripheral vascular disease, particularly aortoiliac occlusive disease, may be present.
Causes

  • Smoking is an associated risk factor. In most series, approximately 75-80% of patients smoke
  • Differential Diagnoses

    Other Problems to Be Considered

    Many patients initially are assumed to have cancer. The constellation
    of weight loss, abdominal pain, and an age of older than 60 years
    leads to a workup with GI contrast studies, CT scans, and other
    diagnostic tests related to malignancy, none of which are diagnostic
    for chronic mesentric vascular disease.
    Workup
    Laboratory Studies
  • No laboratory tests are diagnostic.
  • Patients with ischemic pancreatitis may have elevated amylase or lipase levels.
Imaging Studies

  • Biplane aortography still is the criterion standard test.
    Because the vessels emerge from the anterior wall of the aorta, the
    ostia are visualized only on a lateral view, as depicted below.
    Abdominal Angina 188616-188618-320tn
  • </li>
  • A
    lateral aortogram shows abrupt cutoffs at the origin of the
    visceral vessels and a tapered occlusion of the distal aorta.
    Because these vessels originate from the anterior surface of the
    aorta, stenoses and occlusions are not observed clearly on standard
    anteroposterior views.


    Abdominal Angina 188616-188618-320
  • </li>
  • A
    lateral aortogram shows abrupt cutoffs at the origin of the
    visceral vessels and a tapered occlusion of the distal aorta.
    Because these vessels originate from the anterior surface of the
    aorta, stenoses and occlusions are not observed clearly on standard
    anteroposterior views.

  • A meandering mesenteric artery, shown below, is another clue. In
    addition to demonstrating the level of stenosis or occlusion of the
    mesenteric vessels, angiography findings also help plan the operative
    approach by delineating the anatomy of the supraceliac and infrarenal
    abdominal aorta.
    Abdominal Angina 188616-188618-410tn
  • This
    arteriogram illustrates a meandering mesenteric artery. The
    appearance of a meandering mesenteric artery such as this one
    supports the diagnosis of chronic mesenteric ischemia.


    Abdominal Angina 188616-188618-410This
    arteriogram illustrates a meandering mesenteric artery. The
    appearance of a meandering mesenteric artery such as this one
    supports the diagnosis of chronic mesenteric ischemia.

  • Hydrating the patient well before angiography is extremely
    important, not only to avoid renal toxicity but also because visceral
    infarction may be precipitated by the injection of contrast.
  • Duplex ultrasonographic examination is emerging as a useful
    screening modality. It currently is most useful in patients in whom
    the diagnosis is suspected. If the duplex examination is positive,
    angiography is performed.2,3
  • Indices that are studied include the following:

    • Peak systolic flow is increased if a stenosis is present.
    • When an increase is expected, a change in flow velocities occurs
      in response to feeding, unless a flow-limiting stenosis is present.
    • Perform a spectral analysis of Doppler frequencies.
    </li>
  • Magnetic resonance angiography has been used as an alternative to
    aortography in patients who have contrast sensitivity or who are at
    risk for contrast-related renal dysfunction. It is emerging as an
    excellent diagnostic modality due to its ability to delineate the
    anatomy. It also is a useful experimental tool for studying metabolic
    parameters.
Other Tests

  • Because most of these patients have generalized vascular
    disease, performing a cardiovascular evaluation prior to surgery is
    prudent.
Related Subject

New Coma Scale Detects More Wakefulness in Some Patients
Epilepsy: A Comprehensive Textbook (3-volume set)
Vascular Surgery. Springer Specialist Surgery Series 2010
Asymptomatic Atherosclerosis: Pathophysiology, Detection and Treatment (Contempor
Haimovici's Vascular Surgery, 5th Edition
Vascular Complications in Human Disease: Mechanisms and Consequences
Intracranial Pressure and Brain Monitoring XIII: Mechanisms and Treatment 2010
Abdominal Angina Progress

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PostSubject: Re: Abdominal Angina   Abdominal Angina Icon_minitimeMon Mar 28, 2011 8:52 am

Treatment
Medical Care
No effective medical therapy exists. Percutaneous transluminal
angioplasty (PTA) may be an alternative therapy for selected patients.
Currently, the most common indication for treatment of stenoses or
occlusions of mesenteric vessels is the presence of symptoms related to
intestinal ischemia. In the absence of sufficient data on the natural
history of mesenteric arterial stenosis, the presence of asymptomatic
disease does not constitute an indication for treatment. In the only
study reporting the clinical course of patients with asymptomatic
stenosis of mesenteric vessels, Thomas and colleagues reviewed 980
aortograms and identified 15 patients with stenosis of all 3 mesenteric
vessels, only 4 of whom developed symptoms. 4,5
Surgical Care
Mesenteric revascularization relieves the symptoms of abdominal angina
and may prevent intestinal infarction. Classically, the operation for
relieving the symptoms of abdominal angina includes thrombectomy
(removal of the obstructing lesion) and/or bypass of the obstructed
portion of the blood vessel with an endogenous or prosthetic vascular
conduit. Because atherosclerosis involves systemic circulation,
generally all 3 blood vessels (celiac artery, superior mesenteric
artery, inferior mesenteric artery) are involved. Typically, patients
become symptomatic only when all 3 blood vessels are severely narrowed
by atherosclerosis. Relieving the symptoms of abdominal angina requires
revascularization of at least 2 of the 3 blood vessels. With the
advent of modern endovascular surgery, many new techniques have emerged
as possible alternatives to bypass surgery. Its less invasive nature
makes endovascular surgery ideal for patients with multiple
comorbidities, who may be at high risk for complications from open
surgery.
When endovascular surgery for mesenteric revascularization is
performed, the patient is placed on a fluoroscopy table and sedated by
the anesthesiologist. Generally, most of these procedures do not
require general anesthesia. Bilateral groins are prepped and draped in
standard surgical fashion, the femoral pulse is palpated, and a needle
is inserted into the artery. Using the Seldinger technique, a guide
wire is inserted through the needle, and its position is checked with
fluoroscopy. The artery is dilated, and sheaths are left in place. An
appropriate catheter is introduced through the sheath, and an angiogram
is performed.6 Below is a more detailed description of endovascular surgery.

Endovascular surgery
First, an aortogram is performed, and the origins of the celiac,
superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric arteries are visualized.
The left anterior oblique view is best for visualizing the origins of
the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries. Once a narrowed artery is
identified, a guide wire is passed through the catheters, and an
attempt is made to pass the wire across the narrowed portion of the
artery under direct fluoroscopy. Once the wire is passed across the
stenotic area, the artery's narrowed portion can be dilated with a
dilator, and a balloon angioplasty is performed.

If residual stenosis after the angioplasty is more than 50% of the expected artery luminal, it is advisable to place a stent7 across
the narrowed portion of the blood vessel. After stent placement, an
angiogram is performed to determine whether there has been a complete
resolution of stenosis. If resolution has occurred, the catheters and
sheaths can be removed. The arteriotomy site in the femoral arteries can
be closed by various commercially available endovascular devices or by
open surgical techniques. After the completion of the procedure,
patients are started on a clear liquid diet, with the diet advanced as
tolerated.
Potential complications of endovascular mesenteric revascularization
procedures are dissection of mesenteric arteries (which necessitates
conversion to open surgery), rupture of mesenteric arteries (small
areas of perforation can be covered by stent grafts, but larger areas
of perforation require open surgery), embolization of atherosclerotic
plaques (which can lead to gangrene of the small/large bowel), groin
hematoma (which necessitates performing duplex ultrasonography to rule
out pseudoaneurysm of the common femoral artery), and acute limb
ischemia (from embolization of atherosclerotic plaques to the
extremity).

Open surgery
Lesions that are not amenable to endovascular management are dealt with
through open surgical technique. The surgery is performed under
general anesthesia, the patient’s abdomen is prepped and draped, and a
midline incision is made from xiphoid to pubic tubercle. Skin,
subcutaneous tissue, and anterior rectus fascia are divided, and the
peritoneal cavity is then entered. The transverse colon is reflected
upwards, and the middle colic artery is identified and traced back to
the origin of the superior mesenteric artery. Proximal and distal
control of the superior mesenteric artery is obtained and an
arteriotomy is performed to open the artery, followed by embolectomy
and removal of atherosclerotic plaques.
There are 2 types of arteriotomy that can be performed: transverse and
longitudinal. Transverse arteriotomy can be closed primarily, but for
longitudinal arteriotomies, a vein patch closure is preferred to avoid
residual stenosis of the artery. Other surgical options include the
following:

  • Antegrade bypass: A vascular conduit is used to bypass the
    stenosed area of the mesenteric vessel. Inflow is from the supraceliac
    aorta. Unlike other vascular bypasses, where native vein is the
    preferred conduit, prosthetic grafts are more suitable for mesenteric
    revascularization. (See first 3 images below.)
  • Retrograde bypass: In this bypass, inflow for the conduit comes
    from the distal, nondiseased portion of the aorta or common iliac
    arteries.
Abdominal Angina Progress

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PostSubject: Re: Abdominal Angina   Abdominal Angina Icon_minitimeMon Mar 28, 2011 8:53 am


    Abdominal Angina 188616-188618-523tn

    The celiac artery is exposed at its origin in preparation for antegrade bypass.


    [ CLOSE WINDOW ]<blockquote>Abdominal Angina 188616-188618-523</blockquote>The celiac artery is exposed at its origin in preparation for antegrade bypass.
    Abdominal Angina 188616-188618-557tnThe superior mesenteric artery and several branches are exposed for antegrade bypass.
    [ CLOSE WINDOW ]<blockquote>Abdominal Angina 188616-188618-557</blockquote>The superior mesenteric artery and several branches are exposed for antegrade bypass.
    Abdominal Angina 188616-188618-578tnThis
    photo shows an antegrade bypass from the aorta to the superior
    mesenteric artery and the celiac artery (superior mesenteric artery
    anastomosis is shown) using a Dacron graft.


    [ CLOSE WINDOW ]<blockquote>Abdominal Angina 188616-188618-578</blockquote>This
    photo shows an antegrade bypass from the aorta to the superior
    mesenteric artery and the celiac artery (superior mesenteric artery
    anastomosis is shown) using a Dacron graft.

    Abdominal Angina 188616-188618-479tnThis
    operative photograph shows a completed retrograde bypass to the
    superior mesenteric artery using ePTFE graft material. Photograph
    courtesy of Jamal Hoballah, MD, University of Iowa College of
    Medicine.


    [ CLOSE WINDOW ]<blockquote>Abdominal Angina 188616-188618-479</blockquote>This
    operative photograph shows a completed retrograde bypass to the
    superior mesenteric artery using ePTFE graft material. Photograph
    courtesy of Jamal Hoballah, MD, University of Iowa College of
    Medicine.

Classic surgical operations have excellent outcomes. Possible
complications include embolization of atherosclerotic plaques, leading
to gangrenous bowel, wound infection, and damage to native
aorta/iliac arteries.


  • Intraoperative duplex ultrasonographic examination is performed
    to confirm the technical adequacy of the revascularization, as shown
    below.
    Abdominal Angina 188616-188618-615tnThis completion duplex ultrasonographic study shows excellent flow at the distal anastomosis.

    [ CLOSE WINDOW ]<blockquote>Abdominal Angina 188616-188618-615</blockquote>This completion duplex ultrasonographic study shows excellent flow at the distal anastomosis.
  • Controversies in surgical treatment include the following:

    • Antegrade bypass versus transaortic endarterectomy versus retrograde bypass
    • The role of duplex ultrasonography in follow-up
    • The role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in follow-up
    • The management of asymptomatic occlusion detected at follow-up
    • The best material for bypass, ie, vein or prosthetic graft
    </li>
  • The specific approach to surgical reconstruction, ie, bypass
    versus endarterectomy (shown below), depends on the location and number
    of stenoses, previous surgeries, patient comorbidities, and local
    operative conditions. Because patency and the rates of morbidity and
    mortality are similar for both types of surgery, the authors prefer to
    individualize each patient, applying the technique best suited to the
    circumstances. Follow-up of patients with duplex ultrasonography is
    performed yearly for the first several years. Asymptomatic occlusions
    are followed expectantly. Most patients succumb to other atherosclerotic
    comorbidities before developing symptomatic restenoses or occlusions.
    However, if a restenosis is identified, it is treated based on the
    same criteria as the original lesion.
    Abdominal Angina 188616-1366310-188618-188701tnThis
    diagram shows the possible incision for a trapdoor aortotomy.
    Plaque at the orifices of the visceral vessels is removed after the
    trapdoor incision is lifted. When a satisfactory endarterectomy has
    been achieved, the trapdoor is sutured shut.

    <blockquote>Abdominal Angina 188616-1366310-188618-188701</blockquote>This
    diagram shows the possible incision for a trapdoor aortotomy.
    Plaque at the orifices of the visceral vessels is removed after the
    trapdoor incision is lifted. When a satisfactory endarterectomy has
    been achieved, the trapdoor is sutured shut.

Diet



  • Although most of these patients are cachectic, preoperative
    central venous nutrition has not been shown to decrease complications
    and is employed only selectively.
  • No particular dietary restrictions are associated with the surgery.
    After adequate surgical correction, patients may resume the usual
    diet for their particular underlying medical condition (if any).

Further Inpatient Care



  • Intraoperative considerations

    • Cardiac monitoring with transesophageal echo or invasive monitoring may be needed.
    • Intraoperative duplex ultrasonographic examination of the reconstruction is important.
    </li>
  • Postoperative care and complications

    • Most patients require monitoring in an intensive care unit. Postoperative ileus is common.
    • In addition to the usual cardiac problems traditionally associated
      with major vascular repairs, major postoperative complications include
      bleeding and coagulopathy, pulmonary insufficiency, and hepatic and
      renal failure.
    • In multiple studies, a picture similar to multiorgan dysfunction
      occurs in a small but significant minority of patients. Reperfusion
      injury has been hypothesized to trigger this cascade of events.
      Immediate pronounced hepatocellular dysfunction has been noted as an
      early event in some of these cases.
    • In one series, coronary artery disease and chronic renal
      insufficiency prior to surgery were associated with postoperative
      complications.

    </li>
Further Outpatient Care



  • Duplex ultrasonography and MRI have been used for follow-up,
    but because the proper management of an asymptomatic occlusion of a
    reconstruction is unknown, this generally is not recommended.
Complications



  • .
Prognosis



  • The literature describes good early clinical results after
    surgical revascularization, and this treatment remains the criterion
    standard.8
  • Reocclusion is more prevalent in males than in females (in contrast to the female predominance noted at initial presentation).
  • Several series have demonstrated that 86-96% of patients remain
    asymptomatic at 5 and 10 years, with similar graft patency rates.
  • Research suggests that subsequent to endovascular treatment,
    symptom relief is immediate in 85% of patients, with 75% of patients
    remaining symptom-free beyond 1 year. An overall morbidity rate of
    30.8% has been reported, as has an inhospital/30-day mortality rate of
    7.7%. The most common complication has been reported to be access site
    hematoma/pseudoaneurysm/thrombosis (15.4%), followed by bowel
    infarction (4.6%). In a study of 65 patients, all deaths occurred ≤60
    days after treatment. 9
Patient Education

  • Patients should be counseled to stop smoking.
Related Subject

New Coma Scale Detects More Wakefulness in Some Patients
Epilepsy: A Comprehensive Textbook (3-volume set)
Vascular Surgery. Springer Specialist Surgery Series 2010
Asymptomatic Atherosclerosis: Pathophysiology, Detection and Treatment (Contempor
Haimovici's Vascular Surgery, 5th Edition
Vascular Complications in Human Disease: Mechanisms and Consequences
Intracranial Pressure and Brain Monitoring XIII: Mechanisms and Treatment 2010
Abdominal Angina Progress

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PostSubject: Re: Abdominal Angina   Abdominal Angina Icon_minitimeMon Mar 28, 2011 8:55 am

Abdominal Angina 188616-1366310-188618-188693tn(Enlarge Image)
Media file 1: The superior mesenteric artery and inferior
mesenteric artery share collateral circulation near the splenic
flexure of the colon. When dilated, this vessel is termed the
meandering mesenteric artery. As seen on an angiogram, this is a
sign of chronic mesenteric ischemia.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
Abdominal Angina 188616-1366310-188618-188693
The
superior mesenteric artery and inferior mesenteric artery share
collateral circulation near the splenic flexure of the colon. When
dilated, this vessel is termed the meandering mesenteric artery. As
seen on an angiogram, this is a sign of chronic mesenteric ischemia.




Abdominal Angina 188616-1366310-188618-188694tn(Enlarge Image)
Media file 2: The pancreaticoduodenal arcades are collateral
pathways between the celiac artery and the superior mesenteric
artery.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
Abdominal Angina 188616-1366310-188618-188694
The pancreaticoduodenal arcades are collateral pathways between the celiac artery and the superior mesenteric artery.



Abdominal Angina 188616-188618-320tn(Enlarge Image)
Media file 3: A lateral aortogram shows abrupt cutoffs at
the origin of the visceral vessels and a tapered occlusion of the
distal aorta. Because these vessels originate from the anterior
surface of the aorta, stenoses and occlusions are not observed
clearly on standard anteroposterior views.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
Abdominal Angina 188616-188618-320
A
lateral aortogram shows abrupt cutoffs at the origin of the
visceral vessels and a tapered occlusion of the distal aorta.
Because these vessels originate from the anterior surface of the
aorta, stenoses and occlusions are not observed clearly on standard
anteroposterior views.




Abdominal Angina 188616-188618-410tn(Enlarge Image)
Media file 4: This arteriogram illustrates a meandering
mesenteric artery. The appearance of a meandering mesenteric artery
such as this one supports the diagnosis of chronic mesenteric
ischemia.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
Abdominal Angina 188616-188618-410
This
arteriogram illustrates a meandering mesenteric artery. The
appearance of a meandering mesenteric artery such as this one
supports the diagnosis of chronic mesenteric ischemia.




Abdominal Angina 188616-188618-523tn(Enlarge Image)
Media file 5: The celiac artery is exposed at its origin in preparation for antegrade bypass.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
Abdominal Angina 188616-188618-523
The celiac artery is exposed at its origin in preparation for antegrade bypass.



Abdominal Angina 188616-188618-557tn()
Media file 6: The superior mesenteric artery and several branches are exposed for antegrade bypass.
Abdominal Angina Progress

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PostSubject: Re: Abdominal Angina   Abdominal Angina Icon_minitimeMon Mar 28, 2011 8:56 am

[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
Abdominal Angina 188616-188618-557
The superior mesenteric artery and several branches are exposed for antegrade bypass.



Abdominal Angina 188616-188618-578tn(Enlarge Image)
Media file 7: This photo shows an antegrade bypass from the
aorta to the superior mesenteric artery and the celiac artery
(superior mesenteric artery anastomosis is shown) using a Dacron
graft.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
Abdominal Angina 188616-188618-578
This
photo shows an antegrade bypass from the aorta to the superior
mesenteric artery and the celiac artery (superior mesenteric artery
anastomosis is shown) using a Dacron graft.




Abdominal Angina 188616-188618-479tn(Enlarge Image)
Media file 8: This operative photograph shows a completed
retrograde bypass to the superior mesenteric artery using ePTFE
graft material. Photograph courtesy of Jamal Hoballah, MD,
University of Iowa College of Medicine.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
Abdominal Angina 188616-188618-479
This
operative photograph shows a completed retrograde bypass to the
superior mesenteric artery using ePTFE graft material. Photograph
courtesy of Jamal Hoballah, MD, University of Iowa College of
Medicine.




Abdominal Angina 188616-1366310-188618-188701tn(Enlarge Image)
Media file 9: This diagram shows the possible incision for a
trapdoor aortotomy. Plaque at the orifices of the visceral
vessels is removed after the trapdoor incision is lifted. When a
satisfactory endarterectomy has been achieved, the trapdoor is
sutured shut.
[ CLOSE WINDOW ]
Abdominal Angina 188616-1366310-188618-188701
This
diagram shows the possible incision for a trapdoor aortotomy.
Plaque at the orifices of the visceral vessels is removed after the
trapdoor incision is lifted. When a satisfactory endarterectomy has
been achieved, the trapdoor is sutured shut.




Abdominal Angina 188616-188618-615tn(Enlarge Image)
Media file 10: This completion duplex ultrasonographic study shows excellent flow at the distal anastomosis.
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Abdominal Angina 188616-188618-615
This completion duplex ultrasonographic study shows excellent flow at the distal anastomosis.



Abdominal Angina 188616-1366310-188618-1372321tn(Enlarge Image)
Media file 11: Upper gastrointestinal series (barium swallow) shows an ulcer.


















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